clipped from: www.technologyreview.com   
Managing brain resources in an age of complexity.

1. Synthesize new ideas constantly. Never read passively. Annotate, model, think, and synthesize while you read

Learn how to learn (rapidly)

3. Work backward from your goal.

Make contingency maps. Draw all the things you need to do on a big piece of paper, and find out which things depend on other things.

Collaborate

Make your mistakes quickly

Document everything obsessively

Keep it simple.

logarithmic time planning

conversation summaries

MIT Libraries is working on a project aimed at logarithmic time planning.

http://simile.mit.edu/timeline/

Working backwards is simply beginning the thought process by assuming you reach your objective, then imagining the steps you must logically accomplish immediately before that.  Then recurse

a tree of subgoals leading to the goal

TRIZ, a Russian methodology for procedural innovative thinking

Methods I use for problem solving:

Linear Logic

Bench Work

Trial and Prayer

Creative

Redefine the problem

Go for a walk