Cerumen, commonly called "earwax," is not really a "wax" but a water-soluble mixture of secretions (produced in the outer third of the ear canal), plus hair and dead skin, that serves a protective function for the ear. Cerumen is a natural product that should not be routinely removed unless impacted.

Any excessive cerumen normally migrates out of the ear canal automatically, assisted by motion of the jaw (e.g., chewing), and carries with it dirt, dust, and other small particles in the ear canal.

Cerumen is a beneficial, self-cleaning agent, with protective, lubricating (emollient), and antibacterial properties.

Cerumen may cause reversible hearing loss when it blocks 80 percent or more of the ear canal diameter.

Inappropriate or harmful interventions are cotton-tipped swabs, oral jet irrigators, and ear candling.